Journal #9- Chapters 28-31 from the perspective of Aunt Alexandra

Jem and Jean Louise left, they were going to the pageant. I was sorry I couldn’t go but I had inconveniences and was too tired to go. I hope she does well on the pageant.

I was home; I began listening to the radio as well as Atticus. It was dark outside.

I was sitting down quietly when suddenly I heard a noise outside. I went to look at what was going on and I saw Atticus and I man, I had never seen, bring Jem inside the house. Jem was unconscious. Jean Louise was in the front door. I was running to meet her.

“Call Dr. Reynolds!” Atticus’s voice came sharply from Jem’s room. “Where is Scout?”

“Here she is,” I called, pulling Jean Louise along with me to the telephone. I tugged at Jean Louise anxiously. “I’m all right, Aunty,” she said, “you better call.”

I pulled the receiver from the hook and said, “Eula May, get Dr. Reynolds, quick!”

“Agnes, is your father home? Oh God, where is he? Please tell him to come over here as soon as he comes in. Please it’s urgent!”

Atticus came out of Jem’s room. The moment I broke the connection, Atticus took the receiver from me. He rattled the hook, then said, “Eula May, get me the sheriff, please.”

“Heck? Atticus Finch. Someone’s been after my children. Jem’s hurt. Between here and the schoolhouse. I can’t leave my boy. Run out there for me, please, and see if he’s still around. Doubt if you’ll find him now, but I’d like to see him if you do. Got to go now. Thanks, Heck.”

“Atticus, is Jem dead?”

“No, Scout. Look after her, sister,” he called, as he went down the hall.

My fingers trembled as I unwound the crushed fabric and wire from Jean Louise.

“Aunty, is Jem dead?”

I guess Jean Louise was so scared she allegedly thought Jem was dead.

“No-no, darling, he’s unconscious. We won’t know how badly he’s hurt until Dr. Reynolds gets here. Jean Louise, what happened?”

“I don’t know.”

I consented to leave it at that. I brought Jean Louise something to put on.

“Put these on, darling,” I said.

Dr. Reynolds then arrived. He went into Jem's room. When he emerged, he informed Scout that Jem had a broken arm and a bump on his head, but that he will be all right.

Later, Heck Tate arrived. As he came in he said, “You all right, Scout?”

“Yes sir, I’m goin’ in to see Jem. Atticus’n’them’s in there.”

“I’ll go with you,” said Heck.

Heck and Jean Louise came in to see Jem.

“Jem…..?”

“He can’t hear you, Scout, he’s out like a light. He was coming around, but Dr. Reynolds put him out again,” said Atticus.

I was sitting in a rocking-chair by the fireplace. Atticus was standing by Jem’s bed. Heck stood in the doorway. His hat was in his hand, and a flashlight bulged from his pants pocket.

“Come in, Heck,” said Atticus. “Did you find anything? I can’t conceive of anyone low-down enough to do a thing like this, but I hope you found him.”

“Sit down, Mr. Finch,” he said pleasantly.

“Let’s all sit down. Have that chair, Heck. I’ll get another one from the livingroom.”

“Mr. Finch,” said Heck, “tell you what I found. I found a little girl’s dress-it’s out there in my car. That your dress, Scout?”

“Yes sir, if it’s a pink one with smockin’,” she said.

“I found some funny-looking pieces of muddy-colored cloth-”

“That’s m’costume, Mr. Tate.”

“What is it Heck?” said Atticus.

“Bob Ewell’s lyin’ on the ground under that tree down yonder with a kitchen knife stuck up under his ribs. He’s dead, Mr. Finch.”

By what Heck said I believed Jem and Jean Louise were persecuted by Bob Ewell.

We stayed in Jem’s room and as Heck Tate began looking at Jem’s injuries, Jean Louise started telling us what happened. Later, Heck Tate showed Jean Louise her costume with a mark on it where a knife slashed and was stopped by the wire.

After a while, Scout took the man that brought Jem inside the house down to the porch and they sat by Atticus and Heck Tate. Atticus and Heck were arguing about who had killed Bob Ewell. Atticus thought it was Jem and Heck said that Bob Ewell’s death was an accident. The argument ended when Heck told Atticus: “Let the dead bury the dead.”

Jean Louise and the country-man went upstairs to say goodnight to Jem. Then Jean Louise walked the man to his house.

As I was in my room I thought about everything that had happened tonight. My assessment to these events were to be surprised to think of how mean Bob Ewell was to try to kill two innocent children because of a trial. I sometimes couldn’t understand people and the way they behave. Before falling asleep, I heard Atticus reading a book to Jean Louise and telling her something about nice people that caught my attention: “Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them.”

Journal #8- Chapters 25-27 from the perspective of Jem

September had begun and Scout and I were on the back porch when Scout noticed a roly-poly bug. She sustained it. She was about to mash it with her hand when I said, “Don’t do that, Scout. Set him out on the back steps.”

“Jem, are you crazy?......”

“I said set him out on the back of the steps.”

Sighing, Scout scooped up the small creature, placed him on the bottom step and went back to her cot.

“Why couldn’t I mash him?” Scout asked.

“Because they don’t bother you,” I answered in the darkness. I had turned out my reading light.

“Reckon you’re at the stage now where you don’t kill flies and mosquitoes now, I reckon,” Scout said. “Lemme know when you change your mind. Tell you one thing, though, I ain’t gonna sit around and not scratch a redbug.”

“Aw dry up,” I answered.

I suddenly remembered the last two days of August when Dill and I ran into Atticus as we started home from swimming. I had convinced Atticus to let Dill and I accompany him to Helen Robinson’s house, where we saw her collapse even before Atticus could say that her husband, Tom, was dead. It was obscure how Tom really died. I thought Tom’s death was a result of him allegedly raping Mayella. I don’t know how people can be so mean.

Meanwhile, the news occupied Maycomb’s attention for about two days, and everyone agreed that it was typical for a black man to do something irrational like try to escape. Mr. Underwood wrote a long editorial condemning Tom’s death as the murder of an innocent man.

Miss Stephanie Crawford told Aunt Alexandra in my presence that Mr. Ewell said it made one down and about two more to go. I told Scout not to be afraid; Mr. Ewell was more hot gas than anything. I also told Scout that if she breathed a word to Atticus, if in any way she let Atticus know she knew, I would personally never speak to her again.

The summer ended and Dill had to go back to Meridian.

School started and so did our daily trips past the Radley Place. I was in the seventh grade and went to high school, beyond the grammar-school building; Scout was in the third grade, our routines were different I only walked to school with Scout in the mornings and saw her mealtimes.

I went out for football, but I was too slender and too young yet to do anything but carry the team water buckets. This I did with enthusiasm; most afternoons I was seldom home before dark.

One day in school, Scout told me that her third-grade teacher, Miss Gates, had lectured her about how Hitler persecuted the Jews and about the virtues of equality and democracy. Later, Scout asked me how Miss Gates could preach about equality when she came out of the courthouse after the trial and told Miss Stephanie Crawford that it was about time that someone taught the blacks in town a lesson. I was about to answer her question and say that it meant that Miss Gates was a hypocrite but when I heard the word “trial” I became furious and told Scout, “I never wanta hear about the courthouse again, ever, ever, you hear me? You hear me? Now go on!”

Scout crept from my room and shut the door softly. I heard her talking to Atticus. Atticus told her softly, “Don’t let Jem get you down. He’s having a rough time these days. I heard you go back there.”

Journal #7- Chapters 20-24 from the perspective of Miss Maudie

I was outside; Stephanie Crawford was gossiping with Mr. Avery and I. Jem, Jean Louise and that boy Dill came out on the front porch. I looked at them as they were talking. Then I called Jem Finch to come over.

Jem groaned and heaved himself up from the swing.

Stephanie Crawford’s nose quivered with curiosity. She wanted to know who all gave them permission to go to the court. She started asking them lots of questions until I said, “Hush, Stephanie.”

“I’ve not got all the morning to pass on the porch-Jem Finch, I called to find out if you and your colleagues can eat some cake. Got up at five to make it, so you better say yes. Excuse us, Stephanie. Good morning, Mr. Avery,” I said.

They accepted and we went inside the kitchen. There was a big cake and two little ones on my kitchen table. I gave Dill and Jean Louise each a little cake and I gave Jem Finch a slice of cake from the big one.

They began eating their cakes and suddenly I said, “Don’t fret, Jem. Things are never as bad as they seem.”

I had heard from Stephanie and from the whole town that Tom Robinson was found guilty. There was always the possibility, no matter how improbable, that he was innocent but I guess the jury could never rule on a black person’s favor. I thought the court had committed a fraud against Tom because I am pretty sure he was innocent. I also heard from Stephanie that before the jury went on to tell whether Tom was innocent or guilty, Atticus said in his closing statement, “But there is one way in this country in which all men are created equal-there is one human institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the stupid man the equal of an Einstein, and the ignorant man the equal of any college president. That institution, gentleman, is a court.”

“I simply want to tell you that there are some men in this world who were born to do our unpleasant jobs for us. Your father’s one of them,” I continued.

“Oh,” said Jem. “Well.”

“Don’t you oh well me, sir,” I replied, “you are not old enough to appreciate what I said.”

“It’s like bein’ a caterpillar in a cocoon, that’s what it is,” he said. “Like somethin’ asleep wrapped up in a warm place. I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world, least that’s what they seemed like.”

“We’re the safest folks in the world,” I said. “We’re so rarely called on to be Christians, but when we are, we’ve got men like Atticus to go for us.”

Jem grinned ruefully. “Wish the rest of the county thought that.”

“You’d be surprised how many of us.”

“Who in this town did one thing to help Tom Robinson, just who?” asked Jem.

“His colored friends for one thing, and people like us. People like Judge Taylor. People like Mr. Heck Tate. Stop eating and start thinking Jem. Did it ever strike you that Judge Taylor naming Atticus to defend that boy was no accident? That Judge Taylor might have had his reasons for naming him?”

As the children left my house, Miss Stephanie ran over to tell them that Bob Ewell accosted their father that morning, spat on him, and swore revenge. Mr. Bob Ewell was a veteran of an obscure war. I didn’t know much about him but I guess he was not a nice person.

The next day I saw Jem and Jean Louise dragging around the neighborhood, taking little interest in their normal pursuits, I discovered how deeply frightened they were about their father and Mr. Ewell.

Journal #6- Chapters 16-19 from the perspective of Mayella Ewell

We were outside the courtroom. Everyone was there from Maycomb even people who I had never seen where there. I guess everyone was interested in this case of Tom Robinson. I wonder how he feels right now. Does he feel as nervous as I do? I think today is going to be a long day I hope I can go through all of it. I hope that Tom Robinson is found guilty.
Inside the courtroom I heard a little girl say, “Judge Taylor permits smoking in his room but he does not himself indulge.”
I was sat down quietly. Mr. Gilmer called Mr. Heck Tate up to testify. He recounted how on the night of November 21, my dad urged him to go to our house and told him that I had been raped. When Tate got there, he found me bruised and beaten, and I told him that Tom Robinson had raped me. Atticus came up and crossed examined the witness, who admitted that no doctor was summoned, and told Atticus that my bruises were concentrated on the right side of my face. Tate left the stand, and my dad was called up to testify.
Suddenly I started hearing people talking about us. I guess we were not really liked by the town of Maycomb because we are Ewells. We live behind the town garbage dump in a tin-roofed cabin with a yard full of trash. Our house was probably the worst house of the town. I don't like being a Ewell; my life is really bad. I have no friends I just stay in that horrible house and do chores all day. My dad takes the welfare money and he just drinks. He gets really different when he is drunk sometimes he just hits me. I hate it when that happens.
My dad testified that on the evening in question he was coming out of the woods with a load of kindling when he heard me yelling. When he reached the house, he looked in the window and saw Tom Robinson raping me. Robinson fled, and, my dad went into the house, saw that I was all right and ran for the sheriff. Atticus later cross-examined my dad. He asked my dad why no doctor was called. He said the doctor was too expensive. Then he made him write his name. My dad wrote on the back of the envelope and looked up complacently to see Judge Taylor staring at him as if he were some fragment gardenia in full bloom on the witness stand.
“What's so interestin'?” my dad asked.
“You're left-handed, Mr. Ewell,” said Judge Taylor. My dad turned angrily to the judge and said he didn't see what his being left-handed had to do with it, that fearing man and Atticus Finch was taking advantage of him. I guess he was really angry because that would prove that a left-handed man would be more likely to leave bruises on the right side of a girl's face. I was scared, that white lawyer would keep asking my dad those questions and making the truth come out. The impression in my face dispelled when that white lawyer stopped asking those questions to my Papa. I was called up to testify.
“Mayella Violet Ewell-!” I went stealthy to the witness stand.
Mr. Gilmer asked me to tell the jury in my own words what happened on the evening of November twenty-first of last year, just in my own words, please.
I sat silently.
“Where were you at dusk on that evening?” began Mr. Gilmer amiably.
“On the porch,” I said.
“Which porch?”
“Ain't but one, the front porch.”
“What were you doing on the porch?”
“Nothin'.”
Judge Taylor said, “Just tell us what happened. You can do that can't you?”
I stared at him and burst into tears. I covered my mouth with my hands and sobbed.
Judge Taylor let me cry for a while, then he said, “That's enough now. Don't be 'fraid of anybody here, as long as you tell the truth. All this is strange to you, I know, but you've nothing to be ashamed of and nothing to fear. What are you scared of?”
I said something behind my hands. “What was that?” asked the judge.
“Him,” I sobbed, pointing at Atticus.
“Mr. Finch?”
I nodded vigorously, saying, “Don't want him doin' me like he done my Papa, tryin' to make him out left-handed...”
Judge Taylor scratched his thick white hair.
“How old are you?” he asked.
“Nineteen-and-a-half,” I said.
“Mr. Finch has no idea of scaring you,” he growled, “and if he did, I’m here to stop him. That’s one thing I’m sitting up here for. Now you’re a big girl, so you just sit up straight and tell the-tell us what happened to you. You can do that, can’t you?”
I started telling Mr. Gilmer my side of the story I said I called Tom Robinson inside the fence that evening and offered him a nickel to break up a dresser for me, and that once he got inside the house he grabbed me and took advantage of me. In Atticus’s cross-examination he asked me weird questions like if I had friends. At first I thought he was making fun of me but I guess he wasn’t. I mostly revealed that my life consisted of seven unhelpful siblings, a drunken father and no friends.
Atticus then examined my testimony and asked me why I didn’t put up a better fight, why my screams didn’t bring the other children running, and most important how Tom Robinson managed the crime: how he bruised the right side of my face with his useless left hand, which was torn apart by a cotton gin when he was a boy, thats what all the town would say. Atticus pleaded with me to admit that there was no rape, that my father beat me up. I shouted at him and yelled that the courtroom would have to be a bunch of cowards not to convict Tom Robinson: then I just burst into tears, and refused to answer any more questions.
After that we went on a ten minute recess.
After the recess Tom Robinson was called up to testify. I was a I little nervous about what he could say.
Tom Robinson testified that he always passed our house on the way to work and that I often asked him to do chores for me. On the evening in question, he recounted, I asked him to come inside the house and fix a door, and he noticed that the other children were gone. He said I told him I had saved my money and sent them all to buy ice cream. Then he said I asked him to lift a box down from a dresser. When Tom climbed on a chair, I grabbed his legs, scaring him so much that he jumped down. I then hugged him around the waist and asked him to kiss me. As I struggled, my father appeared at the window, calling me a whore and threatening to kill me. Tom fled. This was mostly the true story but I had to pretend this had not happen and that what I said first was true or if not I don’t know what my father would do to me.

Link Deas, Tom's white employer, stood up and declared that in eight years of work, he had never had any trouble from Tom. Judge Taylor furiously expelled Deas from the courtroom for interrupting. Mr. Gilmer got up and cross-examined Tom. The prosecutor pointed out that the defendant was once arrested for disorderly conduct and got Tom to admit that he had the strength, even with one hand, to choke the breath out of a woman and sling her to the floor. He began to badger the witness, asking about his motives for always helping me with my chores, until Tom declared that he felt sorry for me. This statement put the courtroom ill at ease—in Maycomb, black people weren't supposed to feel sorry for a white person. Mr. Gilmer reviewed my testimony, accusing Tom of lying about everything. I felt really happy because that Tom Robinson was goin’ to be found guilty.

Journal #5- Chapters 13-15 from the perspective of Dill

I was in Scout's room; I had ran away from home, the lights in her room where off. Suddenly, she came in and stepped on me and then she turn on the light. When she turned on the light I hid under Scout's bed. She went and knock on Jem's room.
“What,” said Jem.
“How does a snake feel?” said Scout.
“Sort of rough. Cold. Dusty. Why?”
“I think there's one under my bed. Can you look?”
“Are you bein' funny?” I heard Jem open the door.
He said, “If you think I'm gonna put my face down to a snake you've got another think comin'. Hold on a minute.”
Then I heard Jem leave and a little after he came and said, “You better get up on the bed.”
“You reckon it's really one?” Scout said.
Then he began to swipe under the bed where I was. Later, he made a deeper swipe.
“Do snakes grunt?” said Scout.
“It ain't a snake,” Jem said. “It's somebody.”
Suddenly, I just came from under the bed. Jem raised the broom and missed my head by an inch when it appeared.
“God Almighty,” Jem said.
I emerged by degrees. I stood up and eased my shoulders, turned my feet in their ankle sockets, rubbed the back of my neck. My circulation restored and I said, “Hey.” Jem petitioned God. Scout was speechless.
“I'm'bout to perish,” I said. “Got anything to eat?” Scout went to the kitchen and brought me some milk and half a pan of corn bread. I devoured it, chewing with my front teeth, as was my custom.
Scout said, “How'd you get here?”
I told them that I had been bound in chains and left to die in the basement by my new father, who disliked me, and secretly kept alive on raw field peas by a passing farmer who heard my cries for help (the good man poked a bushel pod by pod through the ventilator), I worked myself free by pulling the chains from the wall. Still in wrist manacles, I wandered two miles out of Meridian where I discovered a small animal show and I was immediately engaged to wash the camel. I traveled with the show all over Mississippi until my infallible sense of direction told me I was in Abbott County, Alabama, just across the river from Maycomb. I walked the rest of the way.
“How’d you get here?” asked Jem.
I told them the real story. I had taken thirteen dollars from my mom’s purse, caught the nine o’clock from Meridian and got off at Maycomb Junction. I had walked ten or eleven of the fourteen miles to Maycomb, off the highway in the scrub bushes lest the authorities be seeking me, and I had ridden the remainder of the way clinging to the backboard of a cotton wagon. I had been under the bed for two hours, I thought; I had heard Jem and Scout in the diningroom, and the clink of forks on plates nearly drove me crazy. I thought Jem and Scout would never go to bed: I had considered emerging and helping Scout beat Jem, but I knew Mr. Finch would break it up soon, so I thought it best to stay where I was.
“They must not know you’re here,” said Jem. “We’d know if they were lookin’ for you…”
“Think they’re still searchin’ all the picture shows in Meridian.” I grinned.
“You oughta let your mother know where you are,” said Jem. “You oughta let her know you’re here…”
Later, Jem went down the hall and told Atticus I was there. I got scared for a moment because I didn’t want to go back to Meridian. Atticus came in the room and asked Scout to get me more food than a pan of cold corn bread, before going next door to tell my aunt, Miss Rachel, of my whereabouts. I ate, then I got into Jem’s bed to sleep, but soon I climb over to Scout’s bed and we started talking about why I had ran away from home. I told Scout that I ran away from home because my mother and new father did not pay enough attention to me. Later I told Scout that we should get us a baby. I told her there was a man I had heard of who had a boat that he rowed across to a foggy island where all these babies were; you could order one-
“That’s a lie. Aunty said God drops em’ down the chimney. At least that’s what I think she said” said Scout.
“Dill?”
“Mm?”
"Why do you reckon Boo Radley’s never run off?”
I sighed a long sigh and turned away from Scout.
“Maybe he doesn’t have anywhere to run off to…”


After many telephone calls, much pleading on behalf the defendant, which was me, and a long forgiving letter from my mother, it was decided that I could stay.
A week after my arrival, a group of men led by the sheriff, Heck Tate, came to Atticus's house in the evening. Atticus went outside to talk to the group of men while Jem, Scout, and I looked at him through the windows in the livingroom. They were talking about Tom Robinson.
“…movin’ him to the county jail tomorrow,” Mr. Tate was saying, “I don’t look for any trouble, but I can’t guarantee there won’t be any…”
“Don’t be foolish, Heck,” Atticus said. “This is Maycomb.”
“..said I was just unesy.”
“Heck, we’ve gotten one postponement of this case just to make sure there’s nothing to be uneasy about. This is Saturday,” Atticus said. “Trial’ll probably Monday. You can keep him one night, can’t you? I don’t think anybody in Maycomb’ll begrudge me a client, with times this hard.”
Atticus kept talking to those men until Jem screamed, “Atticus, the telephone’s ringing!”
Then Atticus came in and saw us all in the livingroom.
Later, Scout walked home with me.
The next evening at about ten o’clock Jem whistled bobwhite in front of my window. My face appeared at the screen, disappeared, and five minutes later I unhooked the screen and crawled out. I did not speak until we were on the sidewalk.
“What’s up?”
We followed Atticus to the town center. From a distance, we saw Atticus sitting in front of the Maycomb jail, reading a newspaper. He was sitting in one of his office chairs, and he was reading, oblivious of the nightbugs dancing over his head. Jem suggested that we didn't disturb Atticus and return home.
At that moment, four cars drove into Maycomb and parked near the jail. A group of men got out, and one demanded that Atticus move away from the jailhouse door. Atticus refused, and Scout suddenly came racing out of our hiding place next door, only to realize that this group of men differed from the group that came to Jem and Scout’s house the previous night. Jem and I followed her, and Atticus ordered Jem to go home. Jem refused, and one of the men told Atticus that he had fifteen seconds to get his children to leave.
Meanwhile, Scout looked around the group and recognized Mr. Walter Cunningham. She started talking to him about his legal entailments and his son, and asked him to tell his son “hey.” All of the men stare at her. Mr. Cunningham, suddenly ashamed, squated down and told Scout that he will tell his son “hey” for her, and then told his companions to clear out. They depart, and Mr. Underwood, the owner of the newspaper, spoke from a nearby window where he was positioned with a double-barreled shotgun: “Had you covered all the time, Atticus.” Atticus and Mr. Underwood talked for a while. Finally Atticus returned, switched off the light above the jail door, and picked up his chair.
“Can I carry it for you, Mr. Finch?” I asked. I had not said a word the whole time.
“Why, thank you, son.”
Walking toward the office, Scout and I fell into step behind Atticus and Jem. I was encumbered by the chair, and my pace was slower. Atticus and Jem were well ahead of us. As they passed under a streetlight, Atticus reached out and massaged Jem’s hair. I didn’t know what that meant and Scout told me it was Atticus’s one gesture of affection.

Journal #4- Chapters 10-12 from the perspective of Atticus

I was nearly fifty years old. Once Jem and Scout asked me why I was so old, I said I got started late. I was much older than the parents of Jem and Scout’s school contemporaries.
Jem was football crazy. I was never too tired to keep-away, but when Jem wanted to tackle me I would say, “I’m too old for that, son.”
Sometimes I thought Jem and Scout thought I couldn’t do anything because I was fifty. I worked in an office and not in a drugstore. I did not drive a dump-truck for the county, I was not a sheriff, I did not farm, work in a garage, or do anything that could possibly arouse the admiration of anyone, as Scout would say. Besides all that, I wore glasses. I was nearly blind in my left eye, and would say that left eyes are the tribal curse of the Finches. Whenever I wanted to see something well, I turned my head and looked from my right eye. Sometimes I would hear Scout talking to Jem about me. Scout would say that I did not do things her schoolmates’ fathers did: I never went hunting, I did not play poker or fish or drink or smoke. I just sat in the livingroom and read. One day as I came home for dinner I heard Scout say to Jem, “Atticus would not remain as inconspicuous as we wished him to: this year, the school has been buzzing with talk about him defending Tom Robinson.” Later, I thought about Tom Robinson and how people would judge him for being a different color and judge me because I was defending him.
When I gave Jem and Scout their air-riffles I wouldn’t teach them to shoot. Jack instructed them in the rudiments thereof; he said I wasn’t interested in guns. I said to Jem one day, “I’d rather you shot at tin cans in the back yard, but I know you’ll go after birds. Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit ’em, but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird.”
The next day when I came home to dinner I found Scout crouched down aiming across the street. “What are you shooting at?” I said.
“Miss Maudie’s rear end,” said Scout.
I turned and saw Scout’s generous target bending over Miss Maudie’s bushes. I pushed my hat to the back of my head and crossed the street. “Maudie,” I called, “I thought I’d better warn you. You’re in considerable peril.”
Miss Maudie straightened up and looked toward Scout. She said, “Atticus, you are a devil from hell.”
When I returned I told Scout to break camp. “Don’t you ever let me catch you pointing that gun at anybody again,” I said.
Later, Jem asked me if I was going out for the Methodists and I said I’d break my neck if I did, I was just too old for that sort of thing. The Methodists were trying to pay off their church mortgage, and had challenged the Baptists to a game of touch football.
One Saturday I received a phone call at work from Calpurnia.
“Mr. Finch!” she shouted. “This is Cal. I swear to God there’s a mad dog down the street a piece-he’s coming this way, yes sir, he’s- Mr. Finch...”
I decided to go home immediately with Mr. Heck Tate. Mr. Heck Tate was the sheriff of Maycomb County. When Mr. Heck Tate and I reached the porch, Jem opened the door.
“Stay inside, son,” I said. “Where is he, Cal?”
“He oughta be here by now,” said Calpurnia, pointing down the street.
“Not runnin’, is he?” asked Mr. Tate.
“Naw sir, he’s in the twitchin’ stage, Mr. Heck,” said Calpurnia.
“Should we go after him, Heck?” I asked.
“We better wait, Mr. Finch. They usually go in a straight line, but you never can tell. He might follow the curve-hope he does or he’ll go straight in the Radley back yard. Let’s wait a minute,” said Mr. Heck.
“Don’t think he’ll get in the Radley Yard,” I said. “Fence’ll stop him. He’ll probably follow the road…”
I put my foot on the rung of a chair and rubbed my hands slowly down of my thigh.
“There he is,” I said softly.
“Look at him,” whispered Jem. “Mr. Heck said they walked in a straight line. He can’t even stay in the road.”
“He looks more sick than anything,” said Scout.
“Let anything get in front of him and he’ll come straight at it.”
Mr. Tate put his hand to his forehead and leaned forward.
“He’s got it all right, Mr. Finch.”
“He’s lookin’ for a place to die,” said Jem.
Mr. Tate turned around. “He’s far from dead, Jem, he hasn’t got started yet.”
I said, “He’s within range, Heck. You better get him before he goes down the side street- Lord knows who’s around the corner. Go inside, Cal.”
“Take him, Mr. Finch.” Mr. Tate handed me the rifle.
“Don’t waste time, Heck,” I said. “Go on.”
“Mr. Finch, this is a one-shot job.”
I shook my head vehemently: “Don’t just stand there, Heck! He won’t wait all day for you-“
“For God’s sake, Mr. Finch, look where he is! Miss and you’ll go straight into the Radley house! I can’t shoot that well and you know it!”
“I haven’t shot a gun in thirty years-”
Mr. Tate almost threw the rifle at me. “I’d feel mighty comfortable if you did now,” he said.
I took the gun and walked out into the middle of the street. I pushed my glasses to my forehead: they slipped down, and I dropped them in the street.
In front of the Radley gate, Tim Johnson had made up what was left of his mind. He had finally turned himself around, to pursue his original course up on our street. He made two steps forward, then stopped and raised his head. My hand yanked a ball-tipped lever as I brought the gun to my shoulder.
The rifle cracked. Tim Johnson leaped, flopped over and crumpled on the sidewalk in a brown-and-white heap. He didn’t know what hit him.
Mr. Tate jumped off the porch and ran to the Radley Place. He stopped in front of the dog, squatted, turned around and tapped his finger on his forehead above his left eye. “You were a little to the right, Mr. Finch,” he called.
“Always was,” I answered. “If I had my ’druthers I’d take a shotgun.”
I stooped and picked up my glasses, ground the broken lenses to powder under my heel; I went to Mr. Tate and stood looking down at Tim Johnson.
Doors opened one by one, and the neighborhood slowly came alive. Miss Maudie walked down the steps with Miss Stephanie Crawford.
When I saw Jem and Scout coming I called, “Stay where you are.”
When Mr. Tate and I returned to the yard, Mr. Tate was smiling. “I’ll have Zeebo collect him,” he said. “You haven’t forgot much, Mr. Finch. They say it never leaves you.”
I was silent.
“Atticus?” said Jem.
“Yes?”
“Nothin’.”
“I saw that, One-Shot Finch!”
I wheeled around and faced Miss Maudie. We looked at one another without saying anything, and I got into the sheriff’s car. “Come here,” I said to Jem
“Don’t you go near that dog, you understand? Don’t go near him, he’s just as dangerous dead as alive.”
“Yes sir,” said Jem. “Atticus-”
“What, son?”
“Nothing.”
“What’s the matter with you, boy, can’t you talk?” said Mr. Tate, grinning at Jem. “Didn’t you know your daddy’s-”
“Hush, Heck,” I said, “let’s go back to town.”
As we drove away I thought about what Jem and Scout would say when they found out I was the deadest shot in Maycomb County in my time.

Mrs. Dubose lived alone except for a girl in constant attendance, two doors up the street from us in a house with steep front steps and a dog-trot hall. She was very old; she spent most of each day in bed and the rest of it in a wheelchair. Countless evenings I would find Jem furious at something Mrs. Dubose had said when they went by her house.
“Easy does it, son,” I would say. “She’s an old lady and she’s ill. You just hold your head high and be a gentleman. Whatever she says to you, it’s your job not to let her make you mad.”
When the three of us came to her house, I would sweep off my hat, wave gallantly to her and say, “Good evening, Mrs. Dubose! You look like a picture this evening.”
I would tell her the courthouse news, and would say I hoped with all my heart she’d have a good day tomorrow. I would return my hat to my head, swing Scout to my shoulders in her very presence, and we would go home in the twilight.
One day as I was coming from work Mrs. Dubose called me and said Jem had cut the tops off every camellia bush she owned.
I switched on the ceiling light in the livingroom and found Jem and Scout there, frozen still. I carried Scout’s baton in one hand. I held out my other hand; it contained fat camellia buds.
“Jem,” I said, “are you responsible for this?”
“Yes sir.”
“Why’d you do it?”
Jem said softly, “She said you lawed for niggers and trash.”
“You did this because she said that?”
Jem’s lips moved, but his, “Yes sir,” was inaudible.
“Son, I have no doubt that you’ve been annoyed by your contemporaries about me lawing for niggers, as you say, but to do something like this to a sick old lady is inexcusable. I strongly advise you to go down and have a talk with Mrs. Dubose,” I said. “Come straight home afterward.”
Jem did not move.
“Go on, I said.”
Scout followed Jem out of the livingroom. “Come back here,” I said to Scout. Scout came back.
I picked up the Mobile Press and sat down in the rocking chair Jem had vacated. Scout was hiding in my lap and my arms were around her.
“You’re mighty big to be rocked,” I said.
“You don’t care what happens to him,” Scout said. “You just send him on to get shot at when all he was doin’ was standin’ up for you.”
I pushed my head under my chin. “It’s not time to worry yet,” I said. “I never thought Jem’d be the one to lose his head over this-thought I’d have more trouble with you.”
Scout said she didn’t see why they had to keep their head anyway, that nobody she knew at school had to keep his head about anything.
“Scout,” I said, “when summer comes you’ll have to keep your head about far worse things… it’s not fair for you and Jem, I know that, but sometimes we have to make the best of things, and the way we conduct ourselves when the chips are down-well, all I can say is, when you and Jem are grown, maybe you’ll look back on this with some compassion and some feeling that I didn’t let you down. This case, Tom Robinson’s case, is something that goes to the essence of a man’s conscience-Scout, I couldn’t go to church and worship God if I didn’t try to help that man.”
“Atticus, you must be wrong…”
“How’s that?”
“Well, most folks seem to think they’re right and you’re wrong…”
“They’re certainly entitled to think that, and they’re entitled to full respect for their opinions,” I said, “but before I can live with other folks I’ve got to live with myself. The one thing that doesn’t abide by majority rule is a person’s conscience.”
When Jem returned, Scout was still in my lap.
“Well, son? I said. I set Scout on her feet, and Scout made a secret reconnaissance of Jem.
“I cleaned it up for her and said I was sorry, but I ain’t, and that I’d work on ’em ever Saturday and try to make ’em grow back out.”
“There was no point in saying you were sorry if you aren’t,” I said. “Jem, she’s old and ill. You can’t hold her responsible for what she says and does. Of course, I’d rather she’d have said it to me than to either of you, but we can’t always have our ’druthers.”
“Atticus,” Jem said, “she wants me to read to her.”
“Read to her?”
“Yes sir. She wants me to come every afternoon after school and Saturdays and read to her out loud for two hours. Atticus, do I have to?”
“Certainly.”
“But she wants me to do it for a month.”
“Then you’ll do it for a month.”
Finally Jem said, “Atticus, it’s all right on the sidewalk but inside it’s-it’s dark and creepy. There’s shadows and things on the ceilings…”
I smiled grimly. “That should appeal to your imagination. Just pretend you’re inside the Radley house.”
The following days Jem went with Scout to read to Mrs. Dubose. A little more than one month passed and Jem finally finished. I was in the middle of Windy Seaton’s column one evening when the telephone rang.
I answered it, then I went to the hat rack in the hall. “I’m going down to Mrs. Dubose for a while,” I said. “I won’t be long.”
When I returned I was carrying a candy box. I sat down in the livingroom and put the box on the floor beside my chair.
“What’d she want?” asked Jem.
“She’s dead, son,” I said. “She died a few minutes ago.”
“Oh,” said Jem. “Well.”
“Well is right,” I said. “She’s not suffering anymore. She was sick for a long time. Son, didn’t you know what her fits were?”
Jem shook his head.
“Mrs. Dubose was a morphine addict,” I said. “She took it as a pain-killer for years. The doctor put her on it. She’d have spent the rest of her life on it and died without so much agony, but was too contrary-”
“Sir?” said Jem.
I said, “Just before your escapade she called me to make her will. Dr. Reynolds told her she had only a few months left. Her business affairs were in perfect order but she said, ‘There’s still one thing out of order.’ ”
“What was that?” Jem was perplexed.
“She said she was going to leave this world beholden to nothing and nobody. Jem, when you’re sick as she was, it’s all right to take anything to make it easier, but it wasn’t all right for her. She said she meant to break herself of it before she died, and that’s what she did.”
Jem said, “You mean that’s what her fits were?”
“Yes, that’s what they were. Most of the time you were reading to her I doubt if she heard a word you said. Her whole mind and body were concentrated on that alarm clock. If you hadn’t fallen into her hands, I’d have made you go read to her anyway. It may have been some distraction. There was another reason-”
“Did she die free?” asked Jem.
“As the mountain air,” I said. “She was conscious to the last, almost. Conscious,” I smiled, “and cantankerous. She still disapproved heartily of my doings, and said I’d probably spend the rest of my life bailing you out of jail. She had Jessie fix you this box-”
I reached down and picked up the candy box. I handed it to Jem. Jem opened the box. Inside, surrounded by wads of damp cotton, was a white, waxy, perfect camellia. It was Snow-on-the-Mountain.
“Old hell-devil, old hell-devil!” Jem screamed, flinging it down. “Why can’t she leave me alone?”
I stood up and Jem buried his face in my shirt front. “Sh-h,” I said. “I think that was her way of telling you-everything’s all right now, Jem, everything’s all right. You know, she was a great lady.”
“A lady,” Jem raised his head. “After all those things she said about you, a lady?”
“She was. She had her own views about things, a lot different from mine, maybe…son, I told you that if you hadn’t lost your head I’d have made you go read to her. I wanted you to see something about her-I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It’s when you know you’re licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do. Mrs. Dubose won, all ninety-eight pounds of her. According to her views, she did beholden to nothing and nobody. She was the bravest person I ever knew.”
Jem picked up the candy box and threw it on the fire. He picked up the camellia, and went off to bed.

Journal #3- Chapters 8-9 from the perspective of Jem

We had two weeks of the coldest weather since 1885, Atticus said. Mr. Avery said it was written on the Rosetta Stone that when children disobeyed their parents, smoked cigarettes and made war on each other, the seasons would change: Scout and I were burdened with the guilt of contributing to the aberrations of nature, thereby causing unhappiness to our neighbors and discomfort to ourselves.
Old Mrs. Radley died that winter, but her death caused hardly a ripple- the neighborhood seldom saw her, except when she watered her cannas. Scout and I decided that Boo had got her at last, but when Atticus returned from the Radley house he said she died of natural causes, to our disappointment.
“Ask him,” I whispered.
“You ask him, you’re the oldest,” said Scout.
“That’s why you oughta ask him,” I said.
“Atticus,” Scout said, “did you see Mr. Arthur?”
Atticus looked sternly around his newspaper at Scout: “I did not.”
I restrained Scout from further questions. I told her that Atticus was still touchous about us and the Radleys and it wouldn’t do to push him any. I had a notion that Atticus thought our activities that night last summer were not solely confirmed to strip poker. I had no firm basis for my ideas; I said it was merely a twitch.
Next morning, it was snowing. I had never seen snow, but I knew what it was, Atticus said he didn’t know any more about snow than I did. “I think, though, if it’s watery like that, it’ll turn to rain.”
The telephone rang and Atticus left the breakfast table to answer it. “That was Eula May,” he said when he returned. “I quote-‘As it has not snowed in Maycomb County since 1885, there will be no school today.’ ”
Eula May was Maycomb’s leading telephone operator. She was entrusted with issuing public announcements, wedding invitations, setting off the fire siren, and giving first-aid instructions when Dr. Reynolds was away.
When Atticus finally called us to order and bade us look at our plates instead of out the windows, I asked, “How do you make a snowman?”
“I haven’t the slightest idea,” said Atticus. “I don’t want you all to be disappointed, but I doubt if there’ll be enough snow for a snowball, even.”
Scout and I went with Miss Maudie and asked her if we could borrow some of her snow and she said: “Heavens alive, take it all! There’s an old peach basket under the house, haul it off in that.”
Scout and I haul as much snow as we could from Miss Maudie’s yard to our own. Since there was still not enough snow to make a real snowman, Scout and I build a small figure out of dirt and covered it with snow. We made it look like Mr. Avery, an unpleasant man who lives down our street. When Atticus got home for dinner he saw our snowman and saw that the figure’s likeness to Mr. Avery was so strong that he demanded us to disguise it. I decided to place Miss Maudie’s sunhat on its head and stocked her hedge clippers in its hands. The snow stopped in the afternoon, the temperature dropped, and by nightfall Mr. Avery’s direst predictions came true: Calpurnia kept every fireplace in the house blazing, but we were cold. When Atticus came home that evening he said we were in for it, and asked Calpurnia if she wanted to stay with us for the night. Calpurnia glanced up at the high ceilings and long windows and said she thought she’d be warmer at her house. Atticus drove her home in the car.
Minutes later that I had fallen asleep I was woken up by Atticus. Then we both went to go wake up Scout.
“Baby, get up,” Atticus told Scout.
Atticus was holding out Scout’s bathrobe and coat. “Put your robe on first,” he said.
I was standing beside Atticus, holding my overcoat closed at the neck, my other hand was jammed into my pocket.
“Hurry, hon,” said Atticus. “Here’re your shoes and socks.”
“Whose is it?” said Scout.
“Miss Maudie’s, hon.” said Atticus gently.
At the front door, we saw fire spewing from Miss Maudie’s diningroom windows. As if to confirm what we saw, the town fire siren wailed up the scale to a treble pitch and remained there, screaming.
“It’s gone, ain’t it?” I moaned.
“I expect so,” said Atticus. “Now listen, both of you. Go down and stand in front of the Radley Place. Keep out of the way, do you hear? See which way the wind’s blowing?”
“Oh,” I said. “Atticus, reckon we oughta start moving the furniture out?”
“Not yet, son. Do as I tell you. Run now. Take care of Scout, you hear? Don’t let her out of sight.”
The old fire truck, killed by the cold, was being pushed from town by a crowd of men. When the men attached its hose to a hydrant, the hose burst and water shot up, tinkling down on the pavement.
“Oh-h Lord, Jem…” said Scout.
I put my arm around Scout. “Hush, Scout,” I said. “It ain’t time to worry yet. I’ll let you know when.”
Scout and I would see how the neighbors were trying to help save Miss Maudie’s furniture. Later, another fire truck appeared and stopped in front of Miss Stephanie Crawford’s. There was no hydrant for another hose, and the men tried to soak her house with hand extinguishers.
Miss Maudie’s tin roof quelled the flames. Roaring, the house collapsed; fire gushed everywhere, followed by a flurry of blankets from men on top of the adjacent houses, beating out sparks and burning chunks of wood. Once everything was over Scout, Atticus, and I went home. Atticus asked us if we wanted chocolate and Scout and I agreed. As we drank our cocoa Atticus began looking at Scout and then he asked her where she got the blanket she had on from. I looked at Scout and noticed that Scout had a brown woolen blanket.
Scout turned to me for an answer, but I was even more bewildered than her. I said I didn’t know how it got there, we did exactly as Atticus had told us, we stood down by the Radley gate away from everybody, we didn’t move an inch-I stopped.
“Mr. Nathan was at the fire,” I babbled, “I saw him, I saw him, he was tuggin’ that mattress-Atticus, I swear…”
“That’s all right, son.” Atticus grinned slowly. “Looks like all of Maycomb was out tonight, in one way or another Jem, there’s some wrapping paper in the pantry, I think. Go get it and we’ll-”
“Atticus, no sir!” I said.
Suddenly, I began pouring out our secrets right and left in total disregard, omitting nothing, knot-hole, pants and all.
“…Mr. Nathan put cement in that tree, Atticus, an’ he did it to stop us findin’ things-he’s crazy, I reckon, like they say, but Atticus, I swear to God he ain’t ever harmed us, he ain’t ever hurt us, Atticus-”
Atticus said, “Whoa, son.”
“You’re right. We’d better keep this and the blanket to ourselves. Somebody, maybe, Scout can thank him for covering her up.”
“Thank who?” Scout asked.
“Boo Radley. You were so busy looking at the fire you didn’t know it when he put the blanket around you”
Next day, despite having lost her house, Miss Maudie was cheerful.
“Atticus told me on his way to town this morning. Tell you the truth, I’d like to’ve been with you. And I’d’ve had sense enough to turn around too," Miss Mauduie said. Miss Maudie puzzled Scout and I. With most of her possessions gone and her beloved yard a shambles, she still took a lively and cordial interest in Scout and my affairs.
She must have seen Scout’s perplexity. She said, “ Only thing I worried about last night was all the danger and commotion it caused. This whole neighborhood could have gone up. Mr. Avery’ll be in bed for a week- he’s right stove up. He’s too old to do things like that and I told him so. Soon as I can get my hands clean and when Stephanie Crawford’s not looking, I’ll make him a Lane cake. That Stephanie’s been after my recipe for thirty years, and if she thinks I’ll give it to her just because I’m staying with her she’s got another think coming.”
At school, Scout nearly starts a fight with a classmate named Cecil Jacobs after Cecil declares that Atticus defends niggers. Atticus has been asked to defend Tom Robinson, a black man accused of raping a white woman. It is a case he cannot hope to win, but he tells Scout that he must argue it to uphold his sense of justice and self-respect.
At Christmastime, Atticus's brother, Jack, comes to stay with Atticus for a week during the holidays. Scout generally gets along well with Uncle Jack, but when he arrives in Maycomb, she begins cursing in front of him (a habit that she has recently picked up). On Christmas Day, Atticus took Scout and I and Jack to Finch's Landing, a rambling old house in the country where Atticus's sister, Alexandra, and her husband live. There, Scout endures Francis, Alexandra's grandson, who had been dropped off at Finch's Landing for the holiday. Scout thinks Francis is the most “boring” child she has ever met. He is a year older than Scout and she avoids him on principle: he enjoyed everything she disapproved of, and disliked her indigenous diversions. She also has to put up with the prim and proper Alexandra, who was fanatical on the subject of Scout’s attire and insists that Scout dress like a lady instead of wearing pants.

One night, Francis told Scout that Dill was a runt and then called Atticus a “nigger-lover.” Scout curses him and beats him up. Later, Francis told Alexandra and Uncle Jack that Scout hit him, and Uncle Jack spanked her without hearing her side of the story. After we return to Maycomb, Scout told Jack what Francis said and Jack becomes furious. Scout makes him promise not to tell Atticus, however, because Atticus had asked her not to fight anyone over what is said about him. Jack promises and keeps his word.

Journal #2- Chapters 4-7 from the perspective of Dill

I was excited about summer because that meant I would be going to Maycomb to see Jem and Scout. I wonder what we would do this summer and what had happened to Boo Radley. I arrived in Maycomb two days later in a blaze of glory. I had ridden the train all by myself from Meridian to Maycomb Junction (a courtesy title- Maycomb Junction was in Abbot County) where I had been met by Miss Rachel in Maycomb’s one taxi; I had eaten dinner in the diner. I didn’t wear anymore those blue shorts that were buttoned to my shirts now I wore real short pants with belt. When I arrived I told Jem and Scout that I had seen two twin sisters hitched together get off the train in Bay St; also I told them that I had seen my dad. My dad is president of the L & N Railroad; he is probably taller than Atticus and has a black beard. As we were talking, Jem asked Scout and I what we would wanted to play today but all of us seemed tired. Suddenly, I started staring over at the Radley Place and told Scout that I could smell dead thanks to an old lady that taught me. After that, Jem said that Scout and I acted like if we believed in Hot Steams but I didn’t know what a Hot Steam was so I asked, “What’s a Hot Steam?”
“Haven’t you ever walked along a lonesome road at night and passed by a hot place?” Jem asked. “A Hot Steam’s somebody who can’t get to heaven, just wallows around on lonesome roads an’ if you walk through him, when you die you’ll be one too an’ you’ll go around at night suckin’ people’s breath-”
“How can you keep from passing through one?” I asked.
“You can’t,” said Jem. “Sometimes they stretch all the way across the road, but if you hafta go through one you say ‘Angel-bright, life-in-death; get off the road, don’t suck my breath.’ That keeps ’em from wrapping around you-”
“Don’t you believe a word he says, Dill,” said Scout. “Calpurnia says that’s nigger-talk.”
Jem scowled darkly at Scout, but said, “Well, are we gonna play anything or not?”
“Let’s roll in the tire,” Scout suggested.
Jem sighed and said, “You know I’m too big.”
“You c’n push,” said Scout.
Scout ran to the back yard and pulled an old car tire from under the house. She slapped it up to the front yard. “I’m first,” she said.
I said I ought to be first because I just got here.
Jem arbitrated, awarded Scout the first push with extra time for me. Jem pushed the tire down the sidewalk with all the force in his body. A little after that Jem and I started chasing the tire. Suddenly, the tire bumped on gravel, skeetered across the road, crashed into a barrier and popped Scout like a cork onto pavement. Scout lay on the cement and shook her head still. Later Jem said, “Scout, get away from there, come on!”
Scout raised her head and stared at the Radley Place steps.
“Come on, Scout, don’t just lie there!” Jem screamed. “Get up, can’tcha?”
“Get the tire!” Jem hollered. “Bring it with you! Ain’t you got any sense at all?”
“Why didn’t you bring it?” Jem yelled.
“Why don’t you get it?” Scout screamed.
“Go on, it ain’t far inside the gate. Why, you even touched the house once remember?” Scout said.
Jem ran down the sidewalk, treaded water at the gate, then dashed in and retrieved the tire.
Calpurnia appeared in the front door and yelled, “Lemonade time! You all get outa that hot sun ’fore you fry alive!” Calpurnia set a pitcher and three glasses on the porch, then went about her business.
Jem gulped down his second glassful and slapped his chest and said that he knew what we could play; he said we could play a game called Boo Radley. Later, Jem parceled out our roles: Scout was Mrs. Radley, I was old Mr. Radley: I walked up and down the sidewalk and coughed when Jem spoke to me. Jem, naturally, was Boo.
As the summer progressed, so did our game. We polished and perfected it, added dialogue and plot until we had manufactured a small play upon which we rang changes everyday. One day we were so busily playing Chapter XXV, Book II of One Man’s Family, we did not see Atticus standing on the sidewalk looking at us, slapping a rolled magazine against his knee. The sun said twelve noon.
“What are you all playing?” he asked
“Nothing,” said Jem.
Jem’s evasion told Scout and I that our game was a secret, so we kept quiet.
“What are you doing with those scissors, then? Why are you tearing up that newspaper? If it’s today’s I’ll tan you.”
“Nothing,” said Jem.
“Nothing what?” said Atticus.
“Nothing, sir,” said Jem.
“Give me those scissors,” Atticus said. “They’re no things to play with. Does this by any chance have anything to do with the Radleys?”
“No sir,” said Jem, reddening.
“I hope it doesn’t,” Atticus said shortly, and went inside the house.
Safely in the yard, I asked Jem if we could play any more.
“I don’t know. Atticus didn’t say we couldn’t-”
I remember asking Scout earlier in the summer to marry me, but later I just forgot about it. I remember Scout beating me up twice so I just grew closer to Jem. Jem and I would spend days together in the treehouse plotting and planning, calling Scout only when we needed a third party. I could see that Scout would spend most of her time with Miss Maudie now that Jem and I grew closer to each other. Jem told me that Miss Maudie was a widow, a chameleon lady who worked in her flower beds in an old straw hat and men’s coveralls, but after her five o’clock bath she would appear on the porch and reign over the street in magisterial beauty.
Next morning Jem and I were in the back yard deep in conversation. When Scout joined us, as usual we said go away.
“Will not. This yard’s as much mine as it is yours, Jem Finch. I got just as much right to play in it as you have,” said Scout.
Jem and I emerged from a brief huddle: “If you stay you’ve got to do what we tell you,” I warned.
Scout agreed so Jem and I told her about our plan to give a note to Boo inviting him out to get ice cream with us. We told her that we would try to stick the note in a window of the Radley Place with a fishing pole but as we started doing it Atticus cached us and ordered us to “stop tormenting that man” with either notes or the “Boo Radley” game.
“You want to be a lawyer, don’t you?” said Atticus. Atticus’s mouth was suspiciously firm, as if he were trying to hold it in line.
Jem decided there was no point in quibbling, and was silent.
Jem and Scout were coming tonight to sit by Miss Rachel’s fishpool with me, as this was my last night in Maycomb.
“Cross in it tonight?” I asked, not looking up. I was constructing a cigarette from newspaper and string.
“No just the lady. Don’t light that thing, Dill, you’ll stink up this whole end of town,” said Jem.
“We’re gonna miss you, boy,” Scout said. “Reckon we better watch for Mr. Avery?”
“I know what, let’s go for a walk,” said Jem.
“Where to, Dill?” said Scout.
I jerked my head in a southerly direction.
Jem said, “Okay.” When Scout protested, Jem said sweetly, “You don’t have to come along, Angel May.”
“You don’t have to go. Remember-”
“Scout, we ain’t gonna do anything, we’re just goin’ to the street light and back,” said Jem.
We strolled silently down the sidewalk, listening to porch swings creaking with the weight of the neighborhood, listening to the soft night-murmurs of the grown people on our street. Occasionally we heard Miss Stephanie Crawford laugh.
“Well?” I said.
“Okay,” said Jem. “Why don’t you go on home, Scout?”
“What are you gonna do?” asked Scout.
Jem and I were simply going to peep in the window with the loose shutter to see if we could get a look at Boo Radley, and if Scout didn’t want to go with us she could go straight home.
“But what in the sam holy hill did you wait till tonight?” asked Scout.
Because nobody could see us at night, because if Boo Radley killed us we’d miss school instead of vacation, and because it was easier to see inside a dark house in the dark than in the daytime.
“Jem, please-” said Scout.
“Scout, I’m tellin’ you for the last time, shut your trap or go home- I declare to the Lord you’re getting’ more like a girl every day!” said Jem.
With that, Scout had no option but to join us. We creep around the house, peering through various windows.
“Let’s try the back window,” I said.
“Dill, no,” Scout said.
I stopped and let Jem go ahead. When Jem put his foot on the bottom step, the step squeaked. He stood still, and then tried his weight by degrees. The step was silent. Jem skipped two steps, put his foot on the porch, heaved himself to it, and teetered a long moment. He crawled to the window, raised his head and looked in.
Suddenly, we saw the shadow of a man with a hat on and flee, and we heard a shotgun go off behind us. We escaped under the fence by the schoolyard, but Jem’s pants got caught on the fence, and he had to kick them off in order to free himself. We return home, where we encounter a collection of neighborhood adults, including Atticus, Miss Maudie, and Miss Stephanie Crawford, the neighborhood gossip. Miss Maudie informed us that Mr. Nathan Radley shot at “a negro” in his yard. Miss Stephanie added that Mr. Radley would be waiting outside with his gun so he can shoot at the next sound he hears. Later, Atticus noticed that Jem had no pants on so he asked Jem where his pants where, I interjected that I won Jem’s pants in a game of strip poker. Alarmed, Atticus asked us if we were playing cards but Jem responded that we were just playing with matches.
“Jem, Scout,” said Atticus, “I don’t want to hear of poker in any form again. Go by Dill’s and get your pants, Jem. Settle it yourselves.”
“Don’t worry, Dill,” said Jem, as we trotted up the sidewalk, “she ain’t gonna get you. He’ll talk her out of it. That was fast thinkin’, son. Listen….you hear?”
We stopped, and heard Atticus’s voice: “…not serious … they all go through it Miss Rachel…”
I was comforted, but Jem and Scout weren’t. There was the problem of Jem showing up some pants in the morning.
“ ’d give you some of mine,” I said, as we came to Miss Rachel’s steps. Jem said he couldn’t get in them, but thanks anyway. Scout and Jem said good-bye, and I went inside the house. I evidently remembered I was engaged to Scout, for I ran back out and kissed her swiftly in front of Jem. “Yawl write, hear?” he bawled after us. Later, I went to bed and as I was falling asleep I remembered all the fun times I spend with Jem and Scout this summer.

Journal #1- Chapters 1-3 from the perspective of Jem

When I was nearly thirteen, I got my arm badly broken at the elbow. When it healed and my fears of never being able to play football were assuaged, I was seldom self-conscious about my injury. My left arm was somewhat shorter than my right when I stood and walked. When enough years had gone by to enable us to look back on them, we sometimes discussed the events leading to my accident. My little sister, Scout, would maintain that the Ewells started it all, but I, who was four years older than Scout, said it started long before that. I’d said it began the summer Dill came to us, when Dill first gave us the idea of making Boo Radley come out.
Our father’s name is Atticus. During his first five years in Maycomb, Atticus practiced economy more than anything; for several years thereafter he invested his earnings in his brother’s education. John Jale Finch was ten years younger than my father, and chose to study medicine at the time when cotton was not worth growing; but after getting Uncle Jack started, Atticus derived a reasonable income from the law. He liked Maycomb, he was Maycomb County born and bred. Maycomb was an old town where in rainy weather the streets turned to red slop; grass grew on the sidewalks, the courthouse sagged in the square. A day was twenty-four hours long but seemed longer. There was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no money to buy it with, nothing to see outside the boundaries of Maycomb County. We lived on the main residential street in town- Atticus, Scout and I, plus Calpurnia our cook. Scout and I found our father satisfactory: he played with us, read to us, and treated us with courteous detachment. Our mother died when we were young, when Scout was only two years old. Our mother died from a heart attack that was said ran in her family. I don’t think Scout misses our mom because she was too young when she died but I do miss her and remember her clearly.

When I was nearly ten and Scout was almost six, our summertime boundaries were Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose’s house two doors to the north of us and the Radley place three doors to the south. We never tempted to break them. That was the summer Dill came to us. Early one morning as we were beginning our day’s play in the back yard, Scout and I heard something next door in Miss Rachel Haverford’s collard patch. We found a boy sitting down; he wasn’t much higher than the collards. Scout and I stared at him until he said, “Hey.”
“Hey yourself,” I said.
“I’m Charles Baker Harris,” he said. “I can read.”
“So what?” Scout said.
Then he told us that he was four-and-a half years old and that he was going on seven. He also told us that he was little but old. He kept on talking to us and told us that he was from Meridian, Mississippi, and was spending the summer with his aunt, Miss Rachel, and would be spending every summer in Maycomb from now on. Thus we came to know Dill as a pocket Merlin, whose head teemed with eccentric plans, strange longings, and quaint fancies. Dill was fascinated with the Radley Place. He gave us the idea of making Boo Radley come out. So Scout and I told him all we knew about the Radley Place. I told Dill that inside the house lived a malevolent phantom and that nobody knew what form of intimidation Mr. Radley employed to keep Boo out of sight, but I figured that Mr. Radley kept him chained to the bed most of the time. Then I gave him a reasonable description of Boo. Later, Dill told us that we should try to make Boo come out and see how he looks. Then Dill dared me to go over to the Radley Place. I had never declined a dare so I thought about it for three days and I decided to go. I walked to the corner of the lot, then back again, studying the simple terrain. Then I threw open the gate and sped to the side of the house slapped it with my palm and ran back past Scout and Dill. Dill and Scout fallowed on my heels. Safely on our porch, painting and out of breath, we looked back. The old house was the same, droopy and sick, but as we stared down the street we thought we saw an inside shutter move. A tiny, almost invisible movement and the house was still.
Dill left us early in September, to return to Meridian.
I condescended to take Scout to school the first day. As Scout and I walked at the edge of the schoolyard, I was careful to explain Scout that during school hours she was not to bother me, she was not to approach me with requests to enact a chapter of Tarzan and the Ant Men, to embarrass me with references to my private life, or tag along behind me at recess and noon. Also, that she was to stick with the first grade and I would stick with the fifth. Then I saw Scout go on to her first grade classroom. Later, I cut Scout from the covey of first- graders in the schoolyard. I asked her how she was getting along. She told me that if she didn’t have to stay she would leave and that a lady was saying that Atticus had been teaching her to read and that he had to stop.
“Don’t worry, Scout,” I comforted her. “Our teacher says Miss Caroline’s introducing a new way of teaching. She learned about it in college. It’ll be in all the grades soon. You don’t have to learn much out of books that way-it’s like if you wanta learn about cows, you go milk one, see?”
“Yeah Jem, but I don’t wanta study cows, I-,” Scout replied.
“Sure you do. You hafta know about cows, they’re a big part of life in Maycomb County,” I said.
“I’m just trying to tell you the new way they’re teachin’ the first grade, stubborn. It’s the Dewey Decimal System,” I said.
Having never questioned my pronouncements, Scout saw no reason to begin now. Later on that day I found Scout rubbing the nose of a boy in the dirt so I told her to stop. Then Scout told me that the boy’s name was Walter and that he didn’t have any lunch.
“Come on home to dinner with us, Walter,” I said. “We’d be glad to have you.”
Walter’s face brightened, and then darkened.
“Our daddy’s friend of your daddy’s. Scout here, she’s crazy- she won’t fight you any more,” I said.
“Yeah Walter, I won’t jump on you again. Don’t you like butterbeans? Our Cal’s a real good cook,” said Scout.
Walter stood where he was, biting his lip. Scout and I gave up, and we were nearly to the Radley Place when Walter called, “Hey, I’m comin’!”
By the time we reached our front steps Walter had forgotten he was a Cunningham. I ran to the kitchen and asked Calpurnia to set an extra plate, we had company. Atticus greeted Walter and began a discussion about crops neither Scout nor could I follow. After dinner, Walter and I returned to school ahead of Scout. By late afternoon Scout and I raced each other up the sidewalk to meet Atticus coming from work. It was our habit to run meet Atticus the moment we saw him around the post office corner in the distance.
Atticus and Scout kept reading that evening columns of print, which was reason enough for me to spend the following Saturday aloft in the treehouse. I sat there from after breakfast until sunset and would have remained overnight had not Atticus severed my supply lines. Scout had spent most of the day climbing up and down, running errands for me, providing me with literature, nourishment and water, until Atticus talked to her and she stopped. Later, I finally decided to come down of the treehouse.

Immigration Project Reflection

I was really happy with the LC book I chose because it was my first choice and because I thought it was a really interesting book that helped me understand a little more about the ways people from all over the world immigrated to America ad what challenges they faced as they arrive. I was given the book Ashes of Roses by Mary Jane Auch. The book was about a sixteen-year-old Irish girl named Rose Nolan that came with her family to America but their happiness was shattered when part of the family was forced to return to Ireland. Margaret Rose wanted to succeed and stayed in New York with her younger sister Maureen. The sisters struggle to survive and barely do so by working at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory. Then, just as Rose was forming friendships and settling in, a devastating fire forces her, Maureen, and their friends to fight for their lives. Surrounded by pain, tragedy, and ashes Rose wonders if there is anything left for her in America. From my LC book I learned that a long time ago immigrants had to go through Ellis Island before coming to America. In Ellis Island immigrants were asked questions and had a health check, where officials would check immigrants for lies or any disease or sickness, and if an immigrant had a disease or sickness then he would have to stay in Ellis Island until he got better or he would have to go back to his home country. I also learned that immigrants couldn’t get out of Ellis Island until a family or friend of them would come for them. I learned that a big fire happened in New York called the Triangle fire. I thought blogging was interesting because as you read your group’s blog posts you would see their opinion about the book and what they thought a part of the book meant and how they could connect to it. I also thought it was interesting because I would write a question and would see the different answers my group had and how they were similar or different. One thing that I didn’t like about blogging was that sometimes my group members wouldn’t do their blog posts or they wouldn’t comment on my blog posts.


For my art piece I decided to do a famous painting redone to incorporate the novel. First I had decided to do a new book cover but then I thought it would be more interesting to do a famous painting redone to incorporate the novel. I decided to do for the famous painting the Mona Lisa. I decided to put the Mona Lisa with the face of the main character on top of the water. In my painting instead of putting the background of the painting of Mona Lisa I decided to put the Statue of Liberty with colorful buildings in the back and a boat in the side. I think the connection between my art piece and the LC book I read was that the background of my art piece represented immigrants coming to America and seeing the Statue of Liberty and seeing it as their liberty and freedom. From my painting I wanted the people to know a little about the book Ashes of Roses and how Margaret Rose (the main character in the book) arrived in America. From my painting I wanted people to see how it was for immigrants to arrive in America and how all immigrants would come in a boat and arrive in Ellis Island to be able to get to America. I thought my final product turned out really good because I spend a lot of time in it and I put a lot of effort into it. I think I could improve on it if I would have had more time. I learned from my experience of reflection on my LC novel with art that there are a lot of ways to express feelings, thoughts or scenes through a painting. For example, through my painting I showed the scene where Margaret Rose was first arriving in Ellis Island. I showed that by doing a boat with the Statue of Liberty and buildings.


The interview process went really good because the person I interviewed was a really nice person and answered all of my questions. At first I thought it was going to be hard to interview my participant 3 times in 3 different ways but later on it wasn’t that hard and I just had to do the 3 interviews in 2 different ways because the person I interviewed didn’t have an email so I did 2 phone interviews and one in-person interview. Interviewing an individual that immigrated to this country help me know more about the experiences that immigrants had when they would immigrate to America and how a lot of them would have to leave their entire family to come to America. Interviewing an individual that immigrated to this country also helped me to understand that immigrants all had a different reason for coming to America and that their reasons were not only because they wanted to make a better life. I decided to make the person that I interviewed a scrapbook. When I asked the person that I interviewed what they wanted they said I could make something that was easy for me to do but I decided to make something a little bit hard that would take me more time to do because I wanted to give the person that I interviewed a really good and nice gift. I wanted to make a really good and nice gift to the person I interviewed because I thought they deserved it for taking their time to talk about their experience of coming to America. I decided to name my scrapbook the culture scrapbook because in the scrapbook I talk about the different cultures in the places the person that interviewed lived in. In the scrapbook I made I decided to mostly talk about the culture of the places Fernando Balo (the person I interviewed) lived in, which were in Angola, Portugal and San Diego. In my scrapbook I put a lot of images that would relate to what I was talking about. My scrapbook was 10 pages front and back. I decided to do the first page the title page and I decided to make about 6 pages after that about Angola and different things about Angola like its food, landscapes, flag and many other things. I decided to make about 6 pages about Portugal and different things about Portugal like its language, religion, landscapes, weather, transportation and many more. I decide to do about 5 pages after that about San Diego like its history, sports and many more. I decided to do the page before the last page saying thank you to Fernando Balo.

I thought the immigration project was a really interesting project that helped me learn a lot more about things I didn’t know about immigration. I thought this project was fun in some ways and I really enjoyed doing this project and learning.

Post #6

Quote #1 “I looked to see what was wrong and saw flames outside the glass. At first it seemed like a picture show, only in color. Then I realized what was happenin’. The building was on fire!” Margaret Rose, Pg. 204

Significance: I choose this quote because it talks about the challenges the characters face upon their arrival. In this quote Margaret Rose has just finished her work and was barely going to go to the dressing room to wait for Klein and Bellini to go to the nickelodeon when a girl screamed and Margaret Rose saw that a fire had just started in the Triangle. In this quote Margaret rose compares the fire to a picture show, only in color.

Personal Connection: I don’t have any connection to this quote and I don’t wish this happens to me but I think this fire can kind off connect to what happen in September 11, the twin towers. I think the fire that happen in the Triangle can connect a lot to what happen in September 11 but I think what happen in September 11 was one hundred times worst. In both of these disasters many people died and suffer for the death of their loved ones.

Question: Did this fire happen in real life?




Quote #2 “I remembered somethin’ terrible. I remembered Maureen.” Margaret Rose, Pg. 212

Significance: I choose this quote because in this quote it kind off talks about the challenges the characters face upon their arrival. In this quote Margaret Rose is still trying to escape the fire but when she has finally escaped the fire, Margaret Rose remembers that Maureen was suppose to wait for her in the dressing room. Margaret Rose starts worrying about Maureen and tries to go back to the ninth floor to see if Maureen is all right but the policeman doesn’t let her go back.

Character Judgment: I think Maureen is really strong. I also think that Maureen is sometimes a trouble maker for example when she went and pull Hildegarde’s braids. I think Maureen is sometimes a sweet little girl. I think Maureen always does what she wants and gets what she wants. For example when she convince her mom to let her stay with Margaret Rose and when she convince Margaret Rose to work at the Triangle.

Question: How was Maureen able to escape the fire?

Post #5

Quote #1 “After all, wasn’t this why I had wanted to come to America in the first place, so I could make my way on my own instead of bein’ taken care of, first by my parents, then by a husband? Would Da and Ma be proud of me if they could see me now?” Margaret Rose, Pg.154

Significance: I chose this quote because it talks about why the characters in the book come to America. In this quote it talks about why Margaret Rose wanted to come to America. Margaret Rose wanted to come to America so she could make her way on her own instead of being taken care of, first by her parents and then by a husband.

Personal Connection: I don’t have any connection to this quote but my oldest step sister does have a connection to this quote. She came to the United States as the same as Margaret Rose and she wanted to come to America mostly so she could make her own way instead of being taken care of her parents.

Question: What do you think will happen next in the story now that Maureen will start working at the Triangle?


Quote #2 “We are just going back to get your coat, Rose. And the pay that Mr. Mosvovitz owes you” Gussie, Pg. 142.

Significance: I choose this quote because it talks about what challenges the characters face upon their arrival. In this quote Gussie and Margaret Rose are going to go to Mr. Moscovitz’s flower making sweatshop to go ask him for Margaret Rose’s coat and money. Margaret Rose had worked a day at Mr. Moscovitz’s flower making sweatshop and made three thousand stems for Mr. Moscovitz at home but now Mr. Moscovitz didn’t want to pay Margaret Rose for her work.

Character Judgment: I think Mr. Moscovitz is really unfair because he didn’t want to pay Margaret Rose for her work. I think he’s a dirty man because he wanted to kiss a sixteen year old girl.

Question: Why do you think Mr. Moscovitz didn’t want to pay Margaret Rose for her work?

Post #4

Quote “I tried to remember back when Da first started talkin’ about comin’ to America. It was mostly about work.” Margaret Rose, Pg. 106

Significance: I choose this quote because it talks about why Margaret Rose’s dad mainly wanted to come to America. Margaret Rose’s dad mainly wanted to come to America for work. At the beginning of the book Margaret Rose said that her dad wanted to come to America for a better life but now she says that her dad wanted to come to America for work.

Personal Connection: I think I can connect to this because when my family and I first came to the United States there were many reasons why my dad wanted to come to the United States. He wanted to come for a better life. Also, he wanted to come so that I and my brothers and sisters could have a better education.

Question: Why do you think Margaret Rose’s dad wanted to come for work?



Quote “Da was a coal man, fillin’ his bags at Sutton’s coal yard on the docks and deliverin’ them to his customers by horse cart.” Margaret Rose, Pg. 106

Significance: I choose this quote because it talks about what was the life/role of the characters in their home country. Margaret Rose’s dad was a coal man back in their home country. Margaret Rose’s mom was a seamstress back in Limerick.

Character Judgment: From what Margaret Rose talks about her dad I think Margaret Rose’s dad is responsible. I also think that Margaret Rose’s dad is a hard worker because he used to be a coal man back in Limerick. I think Margaret Rose’s dad cares a lot about his family and that is why he brought them to America so that they could have a better life with more opportunities and to have an education.

Question: Did Margaret Rose used to work back in Limerick or where Margaret Rose’s mom and dad the only ones that worked back in Limerick?

Post #3

Quote #1 “You’re in for it now. When Papa comes home, he’s going to throw you out on the street, where you belong”, Hildegarde, Pg.100

Significance: I chose this quote from the book because in this quote Hildegarde is talking to Margaret Rose’s family and treating them as if they were nothing. I choose this quote because it talks about how Americans treated the characters in this book. Hildegarde was born and raised in the US. Hildegarde, Elsa and Trudy were all against Margaret Rose’s family living at their house.

Character Judgment: I think Hildegarde is really mean and unwelcoming. In the beginning of the book Hildegarde wasn’t really mean and she seemed shy. Now she is as mean as Elsa and Trudy and she is not shy anymore. She almost acts and says the same things as Trudy.

Question: Why did Hildegarde suddenly became so mean as her mom and sister?




Quote #2 “I just want to die! Walter saw these…these…immigrants running a sweatshop in our home. I’m so humiliated,” Trudy, Pg.99

Significance: I chose this quote because in this quote it talks about how Americans treated the characters in the book. In this quote Trudy is talking to else about feeling humiliated because Walter saw Margaret Rose’s family doing the paper roses. She said that just because Walter saw Margaret Rose’s family he would not want to marry her. In this quote Trudy refers to Margaret Rose’s family as “these immigrants.”

Character Judgment: I think Trudy is like her mom, Elsa, and her sister, Hildegarde. She probably is a lot meaner than Elsa and Hildegarde. She thinks she is better than Margaret Rose’s family just because they are immigrants and she is not. Also because she was probably born in America and Margaret Rose’s family was born in Ireland.

Question: Was Walter Trudy’s boyfriend?

Post #2

Quote #1 “But the rest of the family at least Elsa and Trudy, weren’t as friendly”, Margaret Rose, Pg.50

Significance: I chose this quote from the book because in this quote Margaret Rose talks about how Elsa and Trudy were to her family. I choose this quote because it talks about how Americans treated the characters in this book. Trudy was born and raised in the US so that is why I think she was really mean to Margaret Rose’s family unlike Uncle Patrick who was warm and welcoming.

Character Judgment: I think Elsa is really mean and unwelcoming. I think Elsa is a lit bit nice in front of Uncle Patrick but she is mean when she talks to Trudy bad things about Margaret Rose’s family.

Question: Was Trudy the oldest sister?


Quote #2 “Ma had made it for me just a few months before we left. In Limerick she was a seamstress for a fancy shop on O’Connell Street, and they had paid her only a small fraction of what they sold the dresses for” Margaret Rose, Pg.52

Significance: I chose this quote because it says what Margaret Rose’s mom use to do in her home country. She was a seamstress. I thought it wasn’t fair that the owners of the fancy shop paid Margaret Rose’s mom only a small fraction of what they sold the dresses for.

Character Judgment: I think Margaret Rose’s mom is really responsible. I think she is a hard worker because she always is cleaning and washing the dishes in Elsa’s house. I think she is really nice because even though she knows that Elsa talks bad things about them she still acts friendly and with good manners.

Question: Was being a seamstress the only thing that Margaret Rose’s mom did back in Limerick?

Field Trip Reflection

Part I: From Haven to Home

The purpose of the From Haven to Home exhibit was to examine 350 Years of Jewish Life in America. The exhibition examines the Jewish experience in the United States through the prisms of "Haven" and "Home." "Haven” expresses the ideals of freedom that have come to represent the promise of America. This section also explores the formative experiences of Jewish immigrants as they struggled to become American. "Home" section focuses on the opportunities and challenges essential in a free society and the uniquely American Jewish religious movements, institutions, and associations created in response. In the From Haven to Home exhibit I learn a lot of things. For example, I learned that the Underground Railroad was meant for Jews. I also learned that the Touro Synagogue opened in 1763. The Jeshat Israel Synagogue renamed Touro Synagogue in the nineteenth century. The Touro Synagogue is the nation’s oldest standing synagogue and national monument. Also, I learn that in the 1930 American Jews idolized Hank Greenberg, the first Jewish baseball superstar. I learned that in early America, Jews lived in “Synagogue Communities” one congregation in each community that provided for each Jewish Community member’s spiritual and ritual requirements and provided charity in the time of need. I learned that much of American Jewish culture derives from the Yiddish play wrights, actors, poets, and writers who came to America between 1887 and 1924. I found interesting that Judah Benjamin became a secretary of state for the Confederacy. He was the first Jew in a presidential cabinet. I also found interesting that American Jewry divided over the issue of slavery. Those in the North generally opposed it. In the South Jews sided with their fellow white citizens. When the Civil War came in 1861 approximately 9,000 Jews fought for the Union and 3,000 for the Confederacy. Another thing that I found sad and interesting was that about 6 million Jews died at Nazi hands in the Holocaust. I learned a lot in the From Haven to Home exhibit.

Part II: Children of Immigrants

1. Photograph: The photograph that stroke me was the Walt Disney Magnet School Chicago 1998. This picture had a lot of kids that had different races and that where from different places, cultures and had different ages. I chose this photograph because it was stroke me seeing all those kids together even though they were different in many ways.

2. Quote: The quote that I chose was “America has anything we need: technology, goods. At least one person from every nation lives here. People immigrate to America because they know it’s a land of freedom and a better life. I see America as a land of opportunities.” I chose this quote because it strokes me how Tamara Farnick talked about America and what she thought about America. I think what she says about America is really true because I also think America is a land of opportunities and I do think there is at least one person from every nation that lives here. Something that really interests me from this quote was when Tamara said that America is a land of freedom because in the first amendment it talks about freedom and I think we probably have more freedom than other countries.

3. Personal Essay: The personal essay that interest me and that I could relate to was the Living in this New World personal essay by Giovanna Diaz. At the beginning of Giovanna’s personal essay she says that when she came to America for her parents it meant coming to the land of opportunity I can relate to that because when I came to America for my parents it also meant coming to the land of opportunity. Also Giovanna says that her parents have always worked very hard for her family and I can relate to that because my parents have also always worked very hard for our family. Something that interested me was when Giovanna said in her personal essay “Our skins, countries and language differences makes us a great country. We live in a country where people have many hopes in the future and are all learning to live together, accepting the differences of skin, countries and language.” I was interested by these sentences because she says that our differences makes us a great country and that every day we learn to put our differences aside. I think an immigrant’s life is hard because in Giovanna’s personal essay she says the many difficulties her family and her had when they first came to America.